The Character of a Happy Life
Sir Henry Wotton
1568 to 1639
How happy is he born and taught
That serveth not another's will;
Whose armour is his honest thought,
And simple truth his utmost skill!
Whose passions not his masters are;
Whose soul is still prepared for death,
Untied unto the world by care
Of public fame or private breath;
Who envies none that chance doth raise,
Nor vice; who never understood
How deepest wounds are given by praise;
Nor rules of state, but rules of good;
Who hath his life from rumours freed;
Whose conscience is his strong retreat;
Whose state can neither flatterers feed,
Nor ruin make oppressors great;
Who God doth late and early pray
More of His grace than gifts to lend;
And entertains the harmless day
With a religious book or friend;
—This man is freed from servile bands
Of hope to rise or fear to fall:
Lord of himself, though not of lands,
And having nothing, yet hath all.
Sir Henry Wotton's The Character of a Happy Life
Introduction
Sir Henry Wotton's "The Character of a Happy Life" stands as a testament to the enduring power of Renaissance poetry to explore the human condition. Composed in the early 17th century, this concise yet profound work encapsulates the ideals of stoicism, independence, and moral integrity that were highly valued during the tumultuous period of English history in which Wotton lived. Through a careful examination of the poem's structure, language, and thematic elements, we can uncover the layers of meaning that have made this work a lasting contribution to English literature.
Historical Context and Biographical Significance
To fully appreciate "The Character of a Happy Life," one must consider the historical context in which it was written. Sir Henry Wotton (1568-1639) was a diplomat, poet, and educator who lived during the reigns of Elizabeth I, James I, and Charles I. This period was marked by political intrigue, religious upheaval, and the burgeoning of Renaissance humanism in England. Wotton's experiences as a courtier and ambassador undoubtedly influenced his perspective on the nature of happiness and the virtues necessary for a fulfilling life.
Wotton's poem reflects the Neo-Stoic philosophy that gained prominence in late Renaissance Europe. This school of thought, which sought to reconcile classical Stoicism with Christian doctrine, emphasized the importance of inner virtue, self-control, and indifference to external circumstances. The poem's advocacy for a life free from the vicissitudes of fortune and the corrupting influence of worldly ambition aligns closely with these Neo-Stoic ideals.
Structure and Form
The poem consists of six quatrains, each following an ABAB rhyme scheme. This regular structure lends a sense of order and balance to the work, mirroring the controlled and measured life that the poem extols. The iambic tetrameter employed throughout creates a rhythmic cadence that reinforces the poem's didactic tone, making it both memorable and instructive.
Wotton's use of enjambment, particularly evident in the lines "Whose armour is his honest thought, / And simple truth his utmost skill!" serves to create a sense of continuity and flow between ideas. This technique allows the poet to develop complex concepts within the constraints of the quatrain form, demonstrating a mastery of poetic craft that belies the poem's apparent simplicity.
Thematic Analysis
At its core, "The Character of a Happy Life" presents a portrait of the ideal man—one who has achieved true happiness through moral rectitude and independence of spirit. The poem's central themes can be categorized into several interconnected concepts:
1. Independence and Self-Governance
The opening lines immediately establish the importance of personal autonomy: "How happy is he born and taught / That serveth not another's will." This rejection of servitude extends beyond mere political or social independence; it encompasses intellectual and moral self-determination as well. The happy man's "armour is his honest thought," suggesting that integrity of mind is the best defense against the corrupting influences of the world.
2. Emotional Equilibrium
Wotton emphasizes the importance of mastering one's passions: "Whose passions not his masters are." This control over emotional impulses is presented as a key component of happiness, echoing the Stoic ideal of ataraxia, or tranquility of mind. The poem suggests that true contentment comes from within, rather than from external circumstances or the opinions of others.
3. Contempt for Worldly Ambition
Throughout the poem, Wotton critiques the pursuit of worldly success and fame. The happy man "envies none that chance doth raise," and is free from the desire for "public fame or private breath." This disdain for ambition is not born of bitterness, but rather from a recognition of the transient and ultimately unsatisfying nature of worldly achievements.
4. Moral Integrity
The poem places great emphasis on the value of moral integrity. The happy man is guided by "rules of good" rather than "rules of state," suggesting that ethical considerations should take precedence over political expediency. The reference to a "conscience" as a "strong retreat" underscores the importance of moral self-reflection and the inner peace that comes from living in accordance with one's principles.
5. Spiritual Devotion
While not overtly religious, the poem does incorporate elements of Christian piety. The happy man "God doth late and early pray," and finds contentment in "a religious book or friend." This spiritual dimension adds depth to the portrait of happiness, suggesting that true fulfillment encompasses not only worldly wisdom but also a connection to the divine.
Language and Imagery
Wotton's diction is deliberately straightforward, eschewing ornate metaphors in favor of clear, direct language. This stylistic choice aligns with the poem's advocacy for "simple truth" and reinforces the idea that true happiness is found in uncomplicated virtue rather than sophisticated artifice.
Nevertheless, the poem does employ subtle yet effective imagery. The metaphor of "armour" to describe honest thought evokes the image of a knight, suggesting that moral integrity is a form of protection against life's challenges. Similarly, the description of conscience as a "strong retreat" conjures the image of a fortress, emphasizing the security and comfort found in ethical living.
Conclusion
"The Character of a Happy Life" stands as a masterful distillation of Renaissance humanist ideals, presented through the lens of English poetry. Sir Henry Wotton's work continues to resonate with readers centuries after its composition, offering a timeless meditation on the nature of happiness and the virtues necessary to achieve it.
The poem's enduring appeal lies in its universal themes and the accessible manner in which they are presented. Wotton's vision of happiness—rooted in self-governance, moral integrity, and spiritual contentment—transcends the specific context of 17th-century England and speaks to fundamental human aspirations.
As we contemplate the final lines, "Lord of himself, though not of lands, / And having nothing, yet hath all," we are reminded of the paradoxical nature of true happiness. It is not found in external possessions or achievements, but in the cultivation of inner virtues that allow one to be master of oneself. In this sense, Wotton's poem offers not just a description of a happy life, but a prescription for achieving it—a guide that remains as relevant today as it was four centuries ago.
In an age of materialism and rapid social change, "The Character of a Happy Life" invites us to reconsider our priorities and the true sources of contentment. It challenges us to look beyond the fleeting satisfactions of wealth, fame, and power, and to cultivate instead the lasting joys of self-knowledge, moral courage, and spiritual peace. In doing so, Wotton's poem continues to fulfill its didactic purpose, offering each new generation of readers a glimpse of what it means to live a truly happy life.