To My Mistress Sitting by a River’s Side
Thomas Carew
1595 to 1640
MARK, how yond eddy steals away
From the rude stream into the bay;
There, lock'd up safe, she doth divorce
Her waters from the channel's course,
And scorns the torrent that did bring
Her headlong from her native spring.
Now doth she with her new love play,
Whilst he runs murmuring away.
Mark how she courts the banks, whilst they
As amorously their arms display,
T' embrace, and clip her silver waves:
See how she strokes their sides, and craves
An entrance there, which they deny;
Whereat she frowns, threat'ning to fly
Home to her stream, and 'gins to swim
Backward, but from the channel's brim
Smiling returns into the creek,
With thousand dimples on her cheek.
Be thou this eddy, and I'll make
My breast thy shore, where thou shalt take
Secure repose, and never dream
Of the quite forsaken stream;
Let him to the wide ocean haste,
There lose his colour, name, and taste:
Thou shalt save all, and, safe from him,
Within these arms forever swim.
Thomas Carew's To My Mistress Sitting by a River’s Side
Introduction
Thomas Carew's "To My Mistress Sitting by a River's Side" is a masterful example of 17th-century Cavalier poetry, blending intricate metaphysical conceits with the sensual imagery characteristic of the era. This 28-line poem, published in 1640, showcases Carew's ability to weave complex analogies between natural phenomena and human relationships. Through a detailed examination of an eddy's interaction with a river and its banks, Carew constructs an elaborate metaphor for romantic love, desire, and fidelity. This essay will delve into the poem's structure, imagery, themes, and historical context to unravel its rich tapestry of meaning and artistic merit.
Structure and Form
Carew's poem is structured in two distinct parts: the first 20 lines describe the eddy's behavior, while the final 8 lines present the speaker's application of this natural metaphor to his romantic situation. The poem does not adhere to a strict formal structure, yet it maintains a rhythmic flow through its use of iambic tetrameter. This metrical choice creates a musical quality that mirrors the gentle movement of water described in the poem.
The rhyme scheme, while not consistently regular, generally follows an aa bb cc pattern, with occasional deviations. This flexible approach to rhyme allows Carew to maintain the poem's musicality without sacrificing the natural flow of his extended metaphor. The slight irregularities in the rhyme scheme also reflect the unpredictable movements of the eddy, reinforcing the poem's central imagery.
Imagery and Metaphor
The poem's central conceit revolves around the personification of an eddy as a feminine entity, interacting with the masculine river and the anthropomorphized banks. This extended metaphor serves as a vehicle for exploring themes of love, loyalty, and desire. The eddy is portrayed as a coy mistress, playfully resisting the river's flow and flirting with the welcoming banks.
Carew's vivid imagery brings this scene to life with lines such as "Mark how she courts the banks, whilst they / As amorously their arms display, / T' embrace, and clip her silver waves." The use of words like "courts," "amorously," and "embrace" infuses the natural scene with human emotions and actions, blurring the line between nature and human behavior.
The poet's attention to detail is evident in his description of the eddy's movements. He captures the cyclical nature of an eddy's flow with phrases like "Smiling returns into the creek, / With thousand dimples on her cheek." This image not only personifies the water's surface but also evokes a sense of joyful, feminine beauty that resonates with the poem's romantic themes.
Themes and Interpretation
At its core, "To My Mistress Sitting by a River's Side" is a seduction poem, with the speaker attempting to persuade his mistress to abandon her current situation (presumably another lover) and commit to him. The eddy's relationship with the river and banks serves as an allegory for this romantic triangle.
The river represents the mistress's current lover or situation, described as "rude" and a "torrent." In contrast, the eddy's playful interaction with the banks symbolizes the potential for a new, more enjoyable relationship with the speaker. The final eight lines make this comparison explicit, with the speaker urging his mistress to emulate the eddy's behavior: "Be thou this eddy, and I'll make / My breast thy shore, where thou shalt take / Secure repose."
Carew explores themes of constancy and inconstancy through this metaphor. The eddy's apparent fickleness – threatening to return to the stream but always coming back to the banks – mirrors the complex nature of romantic relationships. The speaker promises a more stable and secure love, offering his "breast" as a "shore" where his mistress can "forever swim."
The poem also touches on themes of freedom and confinement. The eddy is described as being "lock'd up safe" in the bay, having divorced itself from the "channel's course." This imagery suggests that true freedom and safety might paradoxically be found in committing to a single lover rather than following the main current of the river.
Historical and Literary Context
Thomas Carew was a prominent figure in the Cavalier poet movement of the early 17th century. These poets, associated with the court of Charles I, were known for their elegant, witty verse that often explored themes of love, beauty, and loyalty. "To My Mistress Sitting by a River's Side" exemplifies many characteristics of Cavalier poetry, including its focus on courtly love, its use of natural imagery as metaphor, and its carefully crafted, musical language.
The poem also reflects the influence of the metaphysical poets, particularly in its use of an extended conceit to explore abstract ideas through concrete imagery. While Carew is not typically classified as a metaphysical poet, this poem demonstrates the cross-pollination of ideas and techniques that occurred between different poetic schools of the period.
The historical context of the poem is significant. Written during the reign of Charles I, before the outbreak of the English Civil War, it reflects a period of relative peace and cultural flourishing at the Stuart court. The poem's playful tone and focus on romantic love speak to the Cavalier ethos of carpe diem (seize the day) that would soon be challenged by the political and social upheavals of the mid-17th century.
Literary Techniques and Craftsmanship
Carew's mastery of poetic technique is evident throughout the poem. His use of enjambment – the continuation of a sentence or phrase beyond the end of a line – creates a flowing rhythm that mimics the movement of water. This technique is particularly effective in lines such as "Now doth she with her new love play, / Whilst he runs murmuring away."
The poet also employs alliteration and assonance to enhance the musical quality of his verse. Examples include "stream into the bay" and "secure repose." These sonic devices not only please the ear but also reinforce the poem's themes, with the smooth, liquid sounds echoing the water's movement.
Carew's diction is carefully chosen to support the poem's central conceit. Words like "divorce," "love," "courts," and "embrace" anthropomorphize the natural elements, seamlessly blending the realms of nature and human emotion. This linguistic choices underscore the poem's exploration of the parallels between natural phenomena and human relationships.
Conclusion
"To My Mistress Sitting by a River's Side" stands as a testament to Thomas Carew's poetic skill and the rich literary tradition of the early 17th century. Through its intricate metaphor, musical language, and exploration of timeless themes, the poem offers a window into the Cavalier worldview while demonstrating the universal nature of love and desire.
Carew's ability to sustain an extended conceit throughout the poem, seamlessly transitioning from description to persuasion, showcases his mastery of the form. The poem's enduring appeal lies in its combination of sensual imagery, clever wordplay, and emotional resonance. It invites readers to contemplate the nature of love and commitment through the lens of the natural world, demonstrating the power of poetry to illuminate the human experience through unexpected comparisons.
In the broader context of English literature, "To My Mistress Sitting by a River's Side" serves as a bridge between the metaphysical and Cavalier traditions, incorporating elements of both to create a work that is both intellectually stimulating and emotionally evocative. Its influence can be traced through subsequent generations of poets who have grappled with similar themes and employed natural imagery to explore the complexities of human relationships.
As we continue to read and analyze Carew's work in the 21st century, we are reminded of the enduring power of well-crafted poetry to speak across time, offering insights into both the period in which it was written and the universal aspects of the human heart that remain constant through the ages.