To His Forsaken Mistress

Sir Robert Ayton's To His Forsaken Mistress

Introduction

Sir Robert Ayton's "To His Forsaken Mistress" stands as a quintessential example of 17th-century English love poetry, blending elements of Petrarchan convention with a distinctly sardonic twist. This analysis delves into the intricate layers of Ayton's work, examining its formal structure, thematic content, and linguistic nuances to reveal a complex meditation on love, fidelity, and the ephemeral nature of beauty. Through a close reading of the text, we will explore how Ayton subverts traditional romantic tropes to create a biting critique of inconstancy, while simultaneously engaging with broader philosophical questions about the nature of desire and the human condition.

Formal Structure and Poetic Technique

Ayton's poem is composed of four six-line stanzas, each following a consistent rhyme scheme of ABABCC. This structure, reminiscent of the sestet in a Petrarchan sonnet, allows for a sophisticated development of thought within each stanza, culminating in a rhyming couplet that often delivers a pointed conclusion or turn of phrase. The regularity of this form contrasts sharply with the turbulent emotions expressed within, creating a tension that underscores the poem's themes of disillusionment and bitter acceptance.

The meter alternates between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, with the longer lines typically setting up a premise or observation, and the shorter lines providing a swift, often cutting response. This rhythmic variation mimics the ebb and flow of the speaker's emotions, as well as the push and pull of the relationship dynamic being described. The use of enjambment, particularly evident in lines such as "And I might have gone near to love thee, / Had I not found the slightest prayer," creates a sense of fluidity and conversational tone, belying the carefully constructed nature of the verse.

Thematic Analysis

At its core, "To His Forsaken Mistress" is a poem of disenchantment, exploring the aftermath of romantic disappointment and the speaker's struggle to reconcile his initial attraction with his growing disdain. The central conceit of the poem revolves around the paradox of the mistress's beauty and her perceived moral failings, a theme that Ayton develops through a series of carefully crafted metaphors and allusions.

The opening stanza immediately establishes this tension, acknowledging the mistress's physical appeal while condemning her fickleness. The phrase "smooth and fair" evokes both sensual attraction and a sense of superficiality, setting the stage for the poem's exploration of appearance versus reality. The speaker's assertion that he "might have gone near to love thee" suggests a near-miss, a potential for deep affection that was thwarted by the discovery of the mistress's inconstancy.

As the poem progresses, Ayton employs increasingly elaborate metaphors to illustrate the speaker's disillusionment. The comparison of the mistress's favors to the wind in the second stanza is particularly effective, emphasizing both the fleeting nature of her affections and their indiscriminate bestowal. This image of the wind "that kisseth everything it meets" not only underscores the mistress's promiscuity but also hints at a deeper philosophical question about the nature of love and desire – are they inherently fickle, or is constancy a virtue to be cultivated?

The Rose Metaphor and Its Implications

The third stanza introduces the poem's most fully developed metaphor: that of the morning rose. This extended comparison serves multiple functions within the text. On a surface level, it continues the theme of beauty and its degradation, with the untouched rose representing the ideal of virginal purity. However, a closer examination reveals layers of complexity within this seemingly straightforward analogy.

The description of the rose as "Arm'd with her briers" suggests a natural defense mechanism, a way of preserving one's virtue against unwanted advances. This image is juxtaposed with the mistress's perceived willingness to be "handled," creating a stark contrast between idealized femininity and the reality of human desire. The violent imagery of the rose being "pluck'd and strain'd through ruder hands" carries connotations of sexual conquest and loss of innocence, but it also speaks to a broader theme of the corrupting influence of experience.

Importantly, the fate of the rose – losing its "scent and beauty" and shedding its leaves "one by one" – foreshadows the speaker's prediction for the mistress in the final stanza. This parallel structure reinforces the poem's central argument about the transient nature of physical beauty and the consequences of moral laxity.

Gender Dynamics and Social Commentary

While ostensibly a personal address to a former lover, "To His Forsaken Mistress" also engages with broader social and cultural issues of its time. The poem's treatment of female sexuality and virtue reflects 17th-century attitudes towards gender and morality, with the speaker assuming a position of moral superiority over the "fallen" woman.

However, Ayton's portrayal is not without nuance. The repeated refrain that the mistress is "worthy to be loved by none" can be read as an indictment not just of her behavior, but of a society that places such a high premium on female chastity. The speaker's prediction that "some will smile" at the mistress's eventual fate suggests a culture of schadenfreude surrounding the downfall of women who transgress social norms.

Moreover, the poem's focus on the mistress's inconstancy raises questions about double standards in romantic relationships. While the speaker condemns her for loving "every one," his own emotional journey from near-love to disdain could be seen as equally capricious. This tension between male and female experiences of love and sexuality adds a layer of complexity to the poem's moral stance.

Linguistic Artistry and Tone

Ayton's mastery of language is evident throughout the poem, with his choice of words and phrases contributing significantly to its overall effect. The use of alliteration, as in "smooth and sweet" and "sere flowers," creates a musicality that enhances the poem's lyrical quality. Meanwhile, the juxtaposition of elevated language with more colloquial expressions – such as "unthrift of thy sweets" – adds depth to the speaker's voice, suggesting both refinement and raw emotion.

The tone of the poem shifts subtly from stanza to stanza, moving from initial disappointment to bitter sarcasm and finally to a kind of resigned prophecy. This progression is achieved through careful modulation of the speaker's address to the mistress. The repeated use of "I do confess" in the opening lines of the first two stanzas creates a sense of reluctant admission, as if the speaker is struggling against his own attraction. By the final stanza, however, this hesitancy has given way to a more distanced, almost clinical assessment of the mistress's future.

Conclusion

"To His Forsaken Mistress" stands as a testament to Sir Robert Ayton's poetic skill and his ability to engage with complex emotional and philosophical themes within the constraints of a tightly structured verse form. Through its intricate interplay of form and content, the poem offers a multifaceted exploration of love, betrayal, and the human condition.

Ayton's work invites us to consider the nature of desire and the consequences of our choices in matters of the heart. It challenges us to look beyond surface beauty and to question the societal norms that shape our understanding of love and morality. In doing so, it transcends its historical context to speak to universal human experiences of disappointment, disillusionment, and the struggle to reconcile ideals with reality.

As we continue to grapple with questions of love, fidelity, and gender dynamics in our own time, Ayton's poem remains relevant, offering insights into the complexities of human relationships and the enduring power of poetic expression to illuminate the depths of the human heart.