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Requiem

Robert Louis Stevenson

1850 to 1894

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Under the wide and starry sky,
Dig the grave and let me lie.
Glad did I live and gladly die,
  And I laid me down with a will.

This be the verse you grave for me:
Here he lies where he longed to be;
Home is the sailor, home from sea,
  And the hunter home from the hill.

Robert Louis Stevenson's Requiem

Introduction

Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem" stands as one of the most poignant examples of self-epitaphic verse in the English literary canon. Written in 1879 while Stevenson was gravely ill in California, the poem represents not merely a meditation on mortality, but a profound statement about the relationship between life, death, and the eternal human yearning for belonging. This analysis will explore the multilayered complexity of this seemingly simple eight-line poem, examining its formal structure, thematic resonance, biographical context, and enduring influence on literary traditions of memorial verse.

Historical and Biographical Context

The composition of "Requiem" coincided with a particularly turbulent period in Stevenson's life. Having recently traveled to California in pursuit of his future wife Fanny Osbourne, Stevenson found himself destitute and seriously ill near San Francisco. This biographical context imbues the poem's references to journeying and homecoming with particular poignancy. The verse would prove prophetic, as it was indeed carved upon Stevenson's tomb when he died in Samoa in 1894, on the summit of Mount Vaea where he had expressed a desire to be buried.

The poem's creation during the late Victorian era positions it within a cultural moment deeply preoccupied with death and memorialization. However, Stevenson's treatment of mortality diverges markedly from the often-ornate Victorian funerary traditions, instead embracing a stark simplicity that anticipates modernist sensibilities.

Formal Analysis and Poetic Structure

The poem's formal structure merits careful consideration. Composed in two quatrains with an AABB rhyme scheme, the poem employs a meter that subtly varies between iambic tetrameter and trimeter. This variation creates a gentle rhythmic undulation that mirrors both the sailor's ocean waves and the hunter's hillside terrain. The indentation of the fourth and eighth lines serves to emphasize these closing couplets while also visually suggesting the physical act of descent into the grave.

The rhyming couplets (sky/lie, die/will, me/be, sea/hill) demonstrate Stevenson's masterful control of sound and meaning. The shift from perfect rhymes in the first six lines to the near-rhyme of "sea/hill" in the final couplet creates a subtle sense of resolution while maintaining a degree of tension that speaks to the complex relationship between rest and restlessness that pervades the poem.

Imagery and Symbolism

The poem's imagery operates on multiple symbolic levels. The "wide and starry sky" of the opening line establishes both literal and metaphysical scope, suggesting both physical vastness and spiritual infinity. This cosmic frame provides context for the intimate act of burial that follows, creating a dramatic interplay between the infinite and the immediate.

The dual figures of the sailor and hunter in the final couplet have generated considerable scholarly debate. These archetypal wanderers can be read as separate personas or as complementary aspects of a single identity. The sailor, traditionally associated with adventure and displacement, finds his counterpart in the hunter, suggesting both primitive human pursuits and the notion of spiritual quest. Both figures ultimately find "home," though the nature of this homecoming remains productively ambiguous.

Thematic Analysis

Central to "Requiem" is its treatment of death not as an ending but as a form of homecoming. The speaker's assertion that they "gladly die" challenges conventional Victorian attitudes toward death, presenting it not as a tragedy to be mourned but as a willing return to a desired state. This perspective aligns with both Christian concepts of heavenly reunion and more secular notions of returning to nature.

The poem's exploration of will and agency deserves particular attention. The phrase "with a will" suggests both determination and legal testament, linking the speaker's physical disposition with their literary legacy. This double meaning reinforces the poem's status as both personal statement and public monument.

Literary Heritage and Influence

"Requiem" participates in a rich tradition of self-epitaphic verse that includes works by Ben Jonson, Walter Raleigh, and John Keats. However, Stevenson's contribution to this genre is distinguished by its remarkable economy of expression and its fusion of personal sentiment with universal experience.

The poem's influence can be traced through numerous twentieth-century works, particularly those dealing with themes of mortality and belonging. Its impact extends beyond poetry into broader cultural discourse about death, memorial, and the relationship between life and art.

Language and Voice

The poem's diction merits close examination. The use of archaic constructions like "This be the verse" creates a formal, almost biblical tone, while other phrases employ a more direct, conversational register. This linguistic tension reflects the poem's dual nature as both intimate personal statement and public monument.

The shift in pronouns from first person ("I live," "I laid") to second person ("you grave") to third person ("he lies") creates a complex perspective that moves from immediate experience to posthumous reflection, embodying the transition from living voice to memorial text.

Conclusion

"Requiem" achieves its remarkable power through the precision of its craft and the universality of its vision. While deeply personal in origin, it transcends individual circumstance to address fundamental human concerns about mortality, belonging, and the relationship between life and death. The poem's enduring resonance lies in its ability to present death not as an extinction but as a form of completion, a return to a longed-for state that somehow encompasses both rest and adventure, ending and continuation.

The poem's final image of dual homecoming - the sailor from sea, the hunter from hill - suggests that all human journeys, whether physical or spiritual, find their ultimate resolution in this final return. Yet the poem's subtle complexities ensure that this resolution remains rich with interpretive possibilities, continuing to reward critical attention and speak to successive generations of readers.

In its brief compass, "Requiem" achieves what few other poems have managed: it creates a monument that is simultaneously personal and universal, simple and profound, terminal and ongoing. It stands as testament not only to Stevenson's mastery of his craft but to poetry's capacity to transform individual experience into enduring art.