Classical Arabic poetry’s use of consonantal meter (‘arūḍ), where lines are scanned based on consonant-vowel patterns like “fa‘ūlun” or “mufā‘alatun”; Hebrew piyyutim (liturgical poems) structured by consonantal schemes that prioritize stressed syllables and root consonants over vowels; Old English alliterative verse, where the line’s rhythm is governed by stressed consonants (e.g., “Beowulf”: “Gār Denā in geārdagum” — alliteration on “g” and “d”); Welsh cynghanedd, a strict consonantal harmony system where consonant patterns must echo across hemistichs, as in Dafydd ap Gwilym’s lines: “Clywaf dy gân, cân glân, gan glyw” (I hear your song, pure song, by hearing).