Putrefaction is the process by which organic matter breaks down and decays, producing foul odours and visible decomposition. In earlier medical and philosophical thought, the phenomenon was closely linked with ideas about the cycle of life and death. Literary references to putrefaction often emphasise the grim reality of physical decay. Poets may use the image to remind readers of mortality or to symbolise moral corruption spreading beneath the surface of society.

Putrefaction refers to the decomposition of organic matter through bacterial action. In poetry it often symbolises moral corruption and decay beneath civilised appearances. Writers may describe societies or institutions undergoing putrefaction when values deteriorate. The imagery emphasises rot and inevitable breakdown.