In 1569, the humanist Jerónimo Cardoso published the first dictionary of the Portuguese language, a bilingual Latin-Portuguese work in Lisbon. This dictionary, which contained around 6,000 Latin terms with Portuguese translations, was a landmark in Portuguese lexicography and reflected the growing importance of the vernacular in Renaissance Europe. It went through seven editions by 1694, demonstrating its enduring value to scholars and students.

Cardoso's dictionary provided Portuguese poets with a systematic reference for their language, supporting the flourishing of Renaissance poetry in Portugal. By establishing a standard for Portuguese vocabulary, it enabled poets like Luís de Camões to craft their verses with greater linguistic confidence and consistency. The dictionary's success also encouraged the development of other vernacular lexicographical works across Europe.