The 1590s El Niño droughts in Peru were a result of strong El Niño events that caused severe weather disruptions, including droughts and flooding. These climatic changes had devastating effects on agriculture and local economies in South America, leading to food shortages and social unrest. The events highlighted the impact of climate variability on human societies and the importance of understanding environmental factors in historical contexts.

The 1590s El Niño droughts in Peru significantly affected colonial Spanish chronicles, which included descriptions of Andean hardships. Poets like Garcilaso de la Vega captured the struggles of the indigenous people in their works, intertwining personal and cultural narratives in the face of environmental challenges.