In the 1400s, Persian miniature paintings frequently utilized orpiment and realgar, toxic arsenic-based pigments known for their vibrant yellow and orange hues. These pigments were prized for their brilliance but also posed health risks to artists. The use of such materials reflects the intricate relationship between art, technology, and risk in the creation of Persian miniatures. This practice illustrates the complexities of artistic expression and the lengths to which artists would go to achieve desired effects in their work.

The use of orpiment and realgar in Persian miniatures during the 1400s enhanced illuminated manuscripts, accompanying epic poetry like the Shahnameh. This artistic collaboration enriched the literary tradition, intertwining visual and poetic expressions and reflecting the cultural vibrancy of the time.