Wittgenstein's "Philosophical Investigations" treats language as embedded in forms of life and governed by use rather than reference, fundamentally challenging the picture theory of meaning, and Language poetry has made this philosophical insight the basis of a poetic practice that foregrounds the performative and contextual dimensions of language; Heidegger's "Language speaks" — the claim that language is not an instrument wielded by humans but the medium in which being discloses itself — has influenced poets like Celan and Heaney who treat language not as a tool for expressing pre-linguistic thought but as the site where meaning and world come to be; A poet working in a minority or endangered language might use the philosophical stakes of language philosophically — language as not merely a means of communication but a form of life, a world, whose loss would be not merely linguistic but ontological; Saussure's structural linguistics — the claim that language is a system of differences without positive terms, that meaning is relational and conventional — has been taken up by Language poets who explore the arbitrariness of the sign and the ideological interests served by making convention seem natural; Benjamin's "Task of the Translator" argues that all languages express fragments of a "pure language" that no single language contains, and that translation is a philosophical as well as linguistic act — an approach to what cannot be fully said in any tongue; Derrida's "Of Grammatology" challenges the philosophical privileging of speech over writing (logocentrism), arguing that writing is not a secondary representation of speech but has its own primary logic — this has influenced poets who think carefully about the visual and spatial dimensions of the written poem as philosophically significant