Substituted foot

Meter
Pronunciation

Understanding ARPABET Pronunciation

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The pronunciation guide uses the ARPABET phonetic system—the same system used in speech recognition and text-to-speech applications.

Vowel Examples:
AE1 = cat, bat
EH1 = bed, head
IY1 = see, me
OW1 = go, boat
UW1 = boot, do
Stress Numbers:
0 = no stress (unstressed)
1 = primary stress (loud)
2 = secondary stress (medium)
Example:
AH0 TH IY1 N AH0
= a-THEE-na (Athena)

The stressed syllable (marked with 1) is pronounced louder and clearer than others.

Quick Definition

The deliberate replacement of an expected metrical foot with another for variation

Detailed Definition
Substituted foot is a metrical variation in which one poetic foot in a line of verse is replaced by another type of foot, altering rhythm and emphasis without departing from the poem’s established meter pattern entirely. This technique can create surprise, highlight a particular word or idea, or avoid monotony. For instance, in an iambic line, a trochee might be substituted at the beginning to add force, or a spondee inserted to slow the pace, showcasing the poet’s control over metrical nuance.
Example
Example in poetry:
In iambic pentameter, a trochee may substitute the first foot: “Double, double toil and trouble” (Macbeth, Act 4); Milton substitutes a spondee in “Paradise Lost”: “Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens”; Frost’s “Stopping by Woods” includes a pyrrhic foot substitution: “To watch his woods fill up with snow”; In “The Raven,” Poe substitutes an anapest in trochaic octameter: “And the silken, sad, uncertain”; Contemporary poet Tracy K. Smith uses a dactylic substitution in “The United States Welcomes You” to disrupt bureaucratic rhythm.
Additional Notes
Substituted foot replaces an expected metrical foot (e.g., trochee in iambic line) for emphasis. Related to non-counted syllable. Scan carefully—substitutions often highlight key words; too many, however, undermine the base meter’s stability.
Also Known As
Foot substitution Rhythmic replacement Alternative foot Metric swap
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