On September 4, 1936, Francisco Largo Caballero, a prominent socialist leader, formed a new Republican government in Madrid that included representatives from all the Popular Front parties, including anarchist ministers for the first time. Largo Caballero, known as the 'Spanish Lenin,' had been a vocal advocate of social revolution, and his government sought to combine the war effort with deep social transformation. The inclusion of anarchists in the government was a remarkable development, reflecting the power of the revolutionary movement in Republican Spain.

Largo Caballero's government was celebrated by left-wing poets, who saw it as the culmination of the social revolution. Rafael Alberti and Miguel Hernández wrote poems in support of the new government, praising its commitment to both war and revolution. The government's anarchist ministers also inspired a wave of anarchist poetry, which celebrated the ideal of workers' self-management and the fusion of political and literary activism.