Around 300 BC, Mayan astronomers developed sophisticated astronomical almanacs that meticulously tracked the cycles of Venus and the lunar calendar. These almanacs were integral to Mayan culture, influencing agricultural practices, religious ceremonies, and social organization. The precision of their astronomical observations reflects the advanced scientific knowledge of the Maya civilization and its significance in their daily lives.

Integrated astronomy with mythology in codices, paralleling how celestial events shaped narrative poetry in Mesoamerican traditions. Poets like Nezahualcoyotl used these themes to explore existential questions and the human condition, weaving together the cosmos and human experience in their verses.