Confucian philosopher Mencius, around 300 BC, argued for the inherent goodness of human nature and emphasized the importance of benevolent governance. His teachings posited that rulers should cultivate moral virtues to create a harmonious society, challenging the prevailing views of human nature as inherently selfish. Mencius' ideas became foundational in Confucian thought, influencing political philosophy and ethical governance in China and beyond.

Deeply influenced the moral optimism, empathetic social realism, and the 'poet as moral conscience' tradition in classical Chinese literature. Poets like Qu Yuan and Li Bai reflected Mencius's ideas, emphasizing the importance of virtue and human connection in their works.