In 300 AD, the philosopher Iamblichus developed the concept of theurgy within Neoplatonism, arguing that rituals and material symbols were essential for achieving divine union. His ideas represented a significant shift in philosophical thought, emphasizing the importance of spiritual practices alongside intellectual pursuits. This development influenced later mystical traditions and the understanding of the divine in Western philosophy.

Iamblichus' development of Neoplatonic theurgy legitimized the use of magical and symbolic imagery in late antique poetry. This influence can be seen in the works of Renaissance poets like John Milton, who linked physical beauty to spiritual ascent in their explorations of divine themes.