In 800, Indian philosopher Adi Shankara established the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, which emphasizes non-dualism and the idea that the empirical world is an illusion (maya). He argued that only Brahman, the ultimate reality, is truly real, and that individual souls (atman) are not separate from this universal essence. Shankara's teachings have profoundly influenced Hindu philosophy and spirituality, promoting a path toward self-realization and liberation.

Adi Shankara's establishment of Advaita Vedanta around 800 provided a philosophical foundation for nirguna bhakti poetry. This mystical verse, embraced by poets like Kabir and Mirabai, sought to transcend dualities, emphasizing the unity of the self and the divine.