In the year 900, Persian polymath Al-Razi, also known as Rhazes, emerged as a prominent figure advocating for freethought and empirical reasoning in science. He challenged the reliance on prophetic revelation and dogmatic authority, promoting a philosophy grounded in observation and rational inquiry. Al-Razi's contributions to medicine and philosophy laid the groundwork for future scientific advancements and emphasized the importance of critical thinking in understanding the natural world.

Al-Razi's advocacy for freethought and empiricism laid the groundwork for later Islamic humanist literature. His ideas inspired poets in the Middle East to explore themes of intellect and skepticism, challenging traditional narratives and embracing a more questioning approach to faith and existence.