Around 100 AD, the Romans perfected a form of hydraulic concrete known as Opus Caementicium, which utilized volcanic ash called pozzolana. This innovation allowed for the construction of durable structures like aqueducts, domes, and harbors that have withstood the test of time. The use of Roman concrete revolutionized architecture and engineering, enabling the creation of monumental buildings that showcased the empire's power and ingenuity.

The perfection of Roman concrete (Opus Caementicium) around 100 AD enabled monumental architecture that became a symbol of imperial power. This innovation influenced epic poetry, as seen in works by Virgil and Ovid, who celebrated the grandeur of Rome and its achievements.