By around 1100, crossbows became widespread as standard infantry weapons in both Europe and China due to their power, accuracy, and relative ease of use compared to longbows. Adopted by various armies, they influenced medieval warfare tactics and siege strategies. This technology democratized military effectiveness and sparked debates on its ethical use in conflicts.

The widespread military use of the crossbow in the 12th century altered knightly warfare, which was reflected in chivalric literature. Poets of the time, such as Chrétien de Troyes, debated themes of honor and technology, influencing the narrative of knightly valor and the evolving nature of warfare.