Former slave soldiers established the Mamluk Sultanate, defeating Mongols at Ain Jalut and ruling Egypt, Syria, and beyond. They fostered arts, architecture, and scholarship in Cairo. The dynasty maintained trade and repelled invasions until Ottoman conquest. It preserved Islamic learning amid turmoil.

The Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and the Levant, established in 1250, saw the flourishing of Arabic poetry and historiography. This era influenced Middle Eastern literary standards, with poets like Ibn al-Nafis contributing to the rich tapestry of Arabic literature and madrasa traditions.