The 12th century saw emergence of shorter narrative forms in Japanese literature that would evolve into otogi-zōshi (companion volumes) in the medieval period. These tales, often featuring supernatural elements, romantic adventures, or moral lessons, appealed to broader audiences beyond the aristocracy and incorporated folkloric material.

These shorter narratives democratized Japanese literature by addressing non-aristocratic audiences and incorporating popular folkloric elements alongside courtly themes. The tales' blend of entertainment and moral instruction influenced later Japanese fiction, while their preservation of folk beliefs provided source material for poets seeking authentic Japanese imagery. The form's accessibility encouraged literacy beyond elite circles, expanding literature's social reach.