Chan (Zen) Buddhism experienced significant development during the Song Dynasty, with establishment of formal koan systems and compilation of important Chan texts. Monasteries became centers of learning attracting scholar-officials interested in meditation and philosophical inquiry.

Chan Buddhism profoundly influenced Chinese poetry through emphasis on direct experience, paradox, and natural imagery. Poets like Wang Wei had earlier demonstrated Chan sensibilities, but Song Dynasty saw deeper integration of Chan aesthetics into mainstream poetry, valuing spontaneity, simplicity, and enlightenment moments.