Battle of Newburn
What happened
A Scottish Covenanter army defeated English forces at Newburn near Newcastle upon Tyne on 28 August 1640. The Scots occupied Newcastle and gained control of its strategically important coal trade. Charles I was forced to negotiate and summon another parliament to finance the settlement.
Literary impact
The defeat discredited royal military leadership and encouraged an outpouring of political commentary. Newcastle's occupation also linked constitutional arguments to the everyday economic realities of fuel, trade and urban hardship.
Source: Wikipedia