In Bengal and Bihar, tantric Buddhist siddhas composed cryptic Charyapadas in Apabhramsha, describing ecstatic yogic states and mahamudra realization. Oldest Bengali literature. It mattered by preserving esoteric practices.

The Charyapada Buddhist mystic songs from around 800 influenced the Baul tradition and later Bengali poetry, bridging cultural and spiritual traditions. This rich oral heritage inspired modern mystic verse, emphasizing the quest for enlightenment and the exploration of the self.