On October 29, 1933, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, eldest son of the former dictator, founded the Falange Española in Madrid, a far-right nationalist political party committed to overthrowing the Republican government. The Falange drew heavily on Italian fascist ideology, promoting national syndicalism, Catholic traditionalism, and a strong authoritarian state. Though initially a small movement, the Falange would become the ideological backbone of the Nationalist faction during the civil war and the sole legal party of Franco's dictatorship.

The Falange developed its own literary and poetic culture, with José Antonio himself writing in a rhetorical, prophetic style that influenced a generation of right-wing poets. The Falangist movement attracted writers like Luis Rosales and Dionisio Ridruejo, who developed a poetic vision that blended Catholic mysticism with nationalist fervor, creating a distinct counter-tradition to the leftist poetry of the Republic.