Founded in 1912, the African National Congress (ANC) emerged as a pivotal organization in South Africa, dedicated to defending the rights of black South Africans against systemic discrimination and apartheid. Initially focused on legal and political reforms, the ANC evolved into a broader liberation movement, advocating for equality and justice. Its formation marked a significant moment in the struggle for civil rights in South Africa, influencing global movements against colonialism and oppression.

The founding of the African National Congress in 1912 laid the groundwork for a rich tradition of anti-apartheid literature and protest poetry. Writers such as Ayi Kwei Armah and Maya Angelou drew upon the struggles for freedom, using their voices to inspire resistance and solidarity.