USS Kearsarge became internationally famous after sinking CSS Alabama off Cherbourg in June 1864. The Union warship later visited European ports while news of the victory circulated through newspapers, prints and public celebrations. Its success helped protect Northern commerce during the American Civil War.

Melville's The Kearsarge at Boulogne imagines the victorious vessel amid European spectators and historical memories. The ship allowed him to contrast modern machinery and civil conflict with inherited traditions of romantic naval heroism.